#block-views-podcast-search2-block #edit-body-value-wrapper, #block-views-podcast-search2-block #edit-field-regions-tid-wrapper, #block-views-podcast-search2-block #edit-field-topic-tid-wrapper { It can also promote a low-carbon development approach in developing countries through a combination of foreign assistance, its choice of investments overseas, and technology transfers. width: 52px; [55] China Electricity Council, Data/Statistics, accessed June 6, 2020, http://english.cec.org.cn/No.110.index.htm and WEO 2019.. Unlike advanced economies, Chinas energy needs will continue to rise substantially going forward, increasing its influence over global energy and climate issues. Concerns about sustaining robust economic expansion are also taking place within an overall global development context that has pointed to the challenge for middle-income countries specifically to sustain robust growth rates. China is the second largest economy in the world. This paper analyzes Chinas development status through the lens of its energy sector and outlook, with particular attention given to climate change implications. For example, the governments program to encourage households in Beijing and the surrounding regions to switch from coal to gas was weakened by low-income households in certain rural areas switching back to burning coal because it was more affordable.[60]. The destination for energy commodities. Chinas robust growth rates will soon move it out of the World Banks middle-income country classification. [118] BP, 2018 Energy Outlook, 88, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2018.pdf. In the early 1990s, ethnic Russians left Kazakhstan in droves. China is the largest developing country in the world. margin-left: 0; [101] Its retail market currently exceeds $5 trillion (larger than the entire Japanese or German economy) and is projected to surpass the U.S. as the worlds largest retail sales market by 2021. National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing, 2007, http://www.ccchina.org.cn/WebSite/CCChina/UpFile/File189.pdf and Editorial Board of the Third National Climate Impact Assessment Report () , The Third National Climate Impact Assessment Report (Beijing: Science Press, 2015). [80] Addition of Greenfield Coal-Fired Power Capacity Has Exceeded That for All of 2019, Experts Call for Caution, , accessed June 11, 2020, https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-06-11/doc-iirczymk6391706.shtml. } Asia, Pacific Similarly, the Kyoto Protocol negotiated shortly thereafter did not impose emissions reduction obligations on China as it did on developed countries. content: ""; [100] Chinas upper-income class has also grown, with projections that the number of millionaires will grow from nearly 4.5 million now to over 6.8 million by 2024. It has become a superpower, an economic and energy behemoth with an ever-growing global influence that in various domains approaches and even exceeds that of the worlds other superpower, the U.S. padding: 0; The dynamic between China and advanced economies will also influence its climate actions at home and internationally. World Bank DataBank, accessed June 6, 2020, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.TOTL.ZS?locations=XT-OE. Even though China has cut the carbon intensity of its energy mix by 5 percent since 2013 (see later figure F.1), its energy consumption increased by 10 percent and CO2 emissions rose by 4 percent. Under the terms of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted in 1992, developing countries have greater flexibility in addressing climate change than developed ones. However, for practical purposes, Chinas status under the international climate change framework has changed, driven in part by its massive emissions profile and the attendant critical role it will need to play for any successful effort to reduce global emissions. In contrast, Chinas interior provinces have seen much less growth and development. As Chinas leadership integrates an increasingly higher percentage of these younger people, its policies and practices can be expected to undergo profound change. None of this is to suggest that China is rich. However, even a crisis as dramatic as the COVID-19 pandemic is not expected to fundamentally alter Chinas trajectory in consolidating and advancing its transformation from a developing country into a hybrid superpower and beyond. Following each of the first three National Economic Census surveys conducted in 2004, 2008, and 2013, the National Bureau of Statistics made extensive and significant revisions to the results published in the China Energy Statistical Yearbook. In all cases, however, China will in the short and medium terms face the major economic challenges of securing substantially larger amounts of energy (from both domestic and foreign sources) and mobilizing massive financial and technical resources to build the infrastructure such growth will require. Us, Write China is vulnerable, both economically and politically, to an economic downturn. Ultimately, Chinas ability to merge its development and growth objectives with emissions reductions will be one of the key factors affecting its best efforts to peak earlier, as well as the overall level of that peaking. [42] The sourced National Bureau of Statistics data does not include comparable energy balance information for Tibet. opacity: 1; [95] U.S. Department of Energys Sustainability Performance Office, DOE Climate Change Adaptation Plan, 2016 Interim Update, December 2016, accessed April 4, 2020, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/2016%20DOE%20Climate%20Adaptation%20Plan_0.pdf. For greenfield coal-fired power plants announced at that point for construction, supercritical and ultra-supercritical plants accounted for 25 percent and 68 percent of capacity, respectively. border-right: 3px solid #fff; The two primary objectives on the road to achieving this are eradicating absolute poverty by 2020 and creating a "moderately well-off society" by 2021. Southeast 2022 Diplomat Media Inc. All Rights Reserved. } is a double-edged sword for China as it will make it harder for Beijing to claim South-South fraternity with other developing countries . #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li .view-mode-teaser, #block-views-podcast-search2-block .node-podcast-episode.view-mode-teaser_2.group-one-column { China's Developing Country Status in the WTO: Time for an Upgrade? [45] IEA, World Energy Outlook 2018, November 2018, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2018. China Will No Longer Be a Developing Country After 2023. Empowered by its massive economic resources, China has also become a leader in overseas investments and a major provider of foreign development finance for energy. [66] The figure for 2000 rose from 0.998 billion tons (metric) of coal equivalent in the preliminary China Energy Statistical Yearbook (20002002) published in 2004 to a value of 1.299 billion tons (metric) in the 2006 edition, and then to a value of 1.384 billion tons (metric) in the 2010 edition. .view-job-postings .view-content Finally, how Chinas model fares against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic may also affect its appeal for other developing countries. border: none; [67] These figures and graphics are based on WEO 2018. The projection for Chinas demand in 2030 was recently revised upward by the IEA to 3,805 Mtoe. This is often referred to as the middle-income trap.[75] For Chinas leadership, avoiding the middle-income trap has become a pressing concern as the economy showed signs of slowing growth[76] even before the U.S.-China trade war and the more recent COVID-19 pandemic. Chinas GDP per capita is well below theOECD averageand income inequality persists with over30 million Chinesestill living in poverty. The Chinese government has emphasized green development as an important feature of the BRI. background-size: cover; But why is China still considered a developing country? width: calc(100%); For example, it added 10,000 km of gas transmissions pipelines from 2015 to 2018 and increased the capacity of its LNG regasification terminals by 50 percent over that same period. Chinas developing country attributes affect its efforts to manage climate change in several ways, including the nature of its obligations under the international climate change framework and its ability to reduce emissions. min-height: unset; China will face increasing international pressure to upgrade its climate ambitions, notwithstanding any development constraints. For the sake of comparison, the country with the highest HDI as of 2019 is Norway, with an HDI of 0.957. Think of it as Asian "Realpolitik" or, in other words, China's way of trying to get the best of both . TheUnited Stateslikewise should be willing to consider reasonable proposals to reach a lasting solution. Moreover, it is uncertain how committed the Chinese government will remain to reducing emissions in the face of anxieties about economic growth and energy security,[94] particularly in the short-to-medium term as the country faces the costs of the COVID-19 pandemic. [134] Philippe Benoit, Engaging State-Owned Enterprises in Climate Action, Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy, September 10, 2019, https://energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/report/engaging-state-owned-enterprises-climate-action. } Power, Crossroads Chinas ability to replace outmoded infrastructure has been constrained by its need to expand its systems to meet demand growth. border-right: 3px solid #FFFFFF; Increased consumerism is also bolstering Chinas energy demand. [28] Several energy indicators are now being tracked by the UNDP in connection with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Multidimensional Poverty Index. [12] This basic economic relationship helps explain the perspective that China should not be categorized as a developing country meriting preferential treatment. visibility: visible; WEO 2018.. David Sandalow, Guide to Chinese Climate Policy 2019, Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy, accessed April 20, 2020, https://energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/report/guide-chinese-climate-policy and Climate Watch, Historical GHG Emissions: Global Historical Emissions, accessed April 20, 2020, https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions. China has taken important steps to address its air quality problem through its war on pollution, which has produced some important successes. One of the key contributors to this higher intensity is that industry, which is a relatively energy-intensive sector. While the COVID-19 pandemic will affect Chinas climate position in the near term (e.g., by reducing emissions in the short run but also leading to intensified domestic efforts to ramp-up economic activity, including a potential uptick in coal use and related emissions), it will not likely fundamentally alter the longer-term direction of government policies on climate change. Over the past decade, China has pursued this model aggressively, making it the largest creditor to developing countries globally. width: 100%; margin: 0 0 63px; } display: flex; [49] World Bank DataBank, accessed June 6, 2020, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.TOTL.ZS?locations=CN. Asia, Southeast content: ""; jQuery(document).ready(function() { The result is often uneven enforcement of regulations across the country, with local officials at times interpreting and implementing central government mandates according to local or even personal preferences. margin-bottom: 3em; height: 35px; } In order for a country to be considered a high-income country, which is generally considered a developed country, it must have a gross national income (GNI) of $U.S. Looking forward, many issues are expected to shape the evolution of Chinas energy sector, not least of which is its development status. Many recent Western media reports on China-U.S. trade frictions describe China as a rapidly rising developed country which may challenge the status of the United States as a leading power in the world. Is it still a developing country or is it now an advanced economy? Pollution, especially the poor air quality largely attributable to Chinas energy sector, is one of the most visible manifestations of its developing country character. visibility: visible; Over 97 percent of Chinese have access to tap water and over 95 percent of Chinese over the age of 15 can read and write. Both Norway and the U.S. are considered to be in the top tier of the HDI, which is known as very high human development. clear: left; During his previous term, Lula focused on South-South cooperation, aiming to increase the influence of emerging states like Brazil and India in global governance. The key would be to limit these exemptions only to areas where they are valid and necessary. 84, No. [41] Vietnams average residential consumption in 2016 was 595 kWh/capita (IEA, World Energy Statistics 2018). There are growing expectations internationally for China to act on climate. box-sizing: border-box; } else { #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .clicked label[for="edit-field-topic-tid"]:after, #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .clicked label[for="edit-content-type"]:after, #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .clicked label[for="edit-type"]:after, #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .clicked label[for="edit-field-regions-tid"]:after, #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .clicked label[for="edit-field-author"]:after { Still a developing country in the early 1990s, ethnic Russians left Kazakhstan in droves capita....Node-Podcast-Episode.View-Mode-Teaser_2.Group-One-Column { China 's developing country After 2023 appeal for other developing countries recently revised upward the... 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