The complexity of is_permutation, as described by the C++ standard, is O (n), where n is the size of the first collection. Although the statement saves us from typing std:: whenever we wish to access a class or type defined in the std namespace . // Prints true on all compilers. Same comment applied to the move (). Get monthly updates about new articles, cheatsheets, and tricks. The std::is_permutation can be used in testing, namely to check the correctness of rearranging algorithms (e.g. But nothing impossibly complicated. But if this value is not in the second collection, no need to count for it in the first one! Possible implementation namespace detail { template< class T, class U > concept SameHelper = std::is_same_v< T, U >; } template< class T, class U > concept Same = detail ::SameHelper< T, U > && detail ::SameHelper< U, T >; See also Why is reading lines from stdin much slower in C++ than Python? Copyright text 2018 by Fluent C++. The "interface" doesn't even have a name in code, how would you check it? What features are missing from our implementation of is_permutation? movies950 download and watch movies makina me qera 7 vende when do anime expo tickets go on sale 2022 chittum skiffs laguna madre for sale dorset echo cars for sale . Union by Rank: First of all, we need a new array of integers called rank[].The size of this array is the same as the parent array Parent[].If i is a representative of a set, rank[i] is the height of the tree representing the set. feature request: Note that std::invoke lets us access member variables, not just member functions. Why don't American traffic signs use pictograms as much as other countries? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. How can we work around its constraints? Now that were familiar with is_permutations implementation, we are better equiped to examine a surprising requirement the standard has on this algorithm: the two collection must have the same value types. But there's a big problem with the . #define SHOW() \ For that reason, there's a way to optimize this into one single allocation: auto shptr = std::make_shared<MyObject> (/*args*/); std::make_shared allocates the memory for the reference count structure and the object itself in one block. If Derived is derived from Base or if both are the same non-union class (in both cases ignoring cv-qualification), provides the member constant value equal to true. With a quadratic complexity, the first idea that comes to mind is to go over the first collection, and check for each element to see if it is part of the other one: If we test it with two collections that are permutations of each other: Now lets test it with two collections that are not permutations of each other: Still OK. Is it a correct implementation then? Commutativity is satisfied, i.e. But here, we focus on a standard-like implementation. [ edit ] Possible implementation We can therefore pass the predicate along to those algorithms: Our implementation is getting pretty close to the one in libc++, even though it seems shorter. We also copy the function pointers to make them usable by the copied object, that has the same underlying type. I pass an rvalue reference of T to impl, and the deduced type U is the result we want for decay. Self harm becomes a little bit more difficult if you use variants over unions. std::is_same Defined in header <type_traits> template< class T, class U > struct is_same; (since C++11) If T and U name the same type (including const/volatile qualifications), provides the member constant value equal to true. Image Processing: Algorithm Improvement for 'Coca-Cola Can' Recognition. Lets compare it with the one from libc++, the implementation of the standard library used by clang: Wow. std:: swap C++ Algorithm library Exchanges the given values. If you try to use a Platform::Collections::UnorderedMap. This page was last modified on 21 April 2021, at 14:35. We can change our algorithms in that sense: The algorithm now has a guard at the beginning, to check for the size of the two passed ranges. This is a very useful type, since it's a type-erased view onto a contiguous range - but unlike more typical type erasure (e.g. An ongoing STD-screening education is essential in ensuring successful detection, treatment, and prevention of transmission. Patients with a positive STD had concurrent positive urine cultures, which shows that patients can have both a UTI and an STD at the same time and urinary symptoms are imprecise in distinguishing between the two. Knowing your STL algorithms is a good thing. I find this cool, because if I had to write this myself, I would probably have written some wrapper class with a virtual method. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. std::addressof(a += n) is equal to std::addressof(a) . To standardize things across implementations. Last Update: 2nd Nov 2020 (Passing arguments, Build time benchmark, fixes). If both Base and Derived are non-union class types, and they are not the same type (ignoring cv-qualification), Derived . I started with hsl::array because it seemed simplest. One of the new additions to C++20 courtesy of Ranges is views :: split . Why should I use a pointer rather than the object itself? If x is an original range and y is a permuted range then std::is_permutation(x, y) == true means that y consist of "the same" elements, maybe staying at other positions. What is the earliest science fiction story to depict legal technology. is "life is too short to count calories" grammatically wrong? std:: is_same C++ Utilities library Type support If T and U name the same type (including const/volatile qualifications), provides the member constant value equal to true. My focus is on how to write expressive code. If Derived is derived from Base or if both are the same non-union class (in both cases ignoring cv-qualification), provides the member constant value equal to true. Implementation Concerns (top 5 issues encountered in the implementation of Brigada Pagbasa and Brigada Eskwela) Brigada Pagbasa Brigada Eskwela 1. e.g. In many situations, std::is_convertible is the more appropriate test. There is no need to optimize something that is already optimized. pytorch -gpu on google colab , no need of installation. Internal details of std::sort () in C++. steelers coaching staff salaries. Note that we could have kept the type_info as a parameters instead of using a function pointer to return it. The std::is_same type relation will also work regardless of typedefs. We can fix this issue if, somehow, we inherit from different _tuple_impl classes, even if the type is the same. UnorderedMap is basically a wrapper for std::unordered_map that supports storage of Windows Runtime types. When making ranged spell attacks with a bow (The Ranger) do you use you dexterity or wisdom Mod? Syntax: std::is_same<A, B>::value Parameters: This std::is_same template accepts the following parameters: A: It represent the first type. Can we easily verify the type implements an interface? Otherwise value is false . Why is "using namespace std;" considered bad practice? Commutativity is satisfied, i.e. Here are a few ways to cut down some of its operations. Why are elementwise additions much faster in separate loops than in a combined loop? for any two types T and U, is_same<T, U>::value == true if and only if is_same<U, T>::value == true . A planet you can take off from, but never land back, Legality of Aggregating and Publishing Data from Academic Journals, How to divide an unsigned 8-bit integer by 3 without divide or multiply instructions (or lookup tables). This boolindicates whether the two collections have the same contents, but possibly not in the same order. The difference comes mainly from the fact that libc++ doesnt use any algorithm in its implementation and performs loops instead, which take up more space in code. std::is_base_of::value is true even if A is a private, protected, or ambiguous base class of B. Helper variable template Inherited from std:: integral_constant Member constants value [static] true if T and U is the same type , false otherwise The std::is_same type relation will also work regardless of typedefs. The behavior of a program that adds specializations for is_base_of or is_base_of_v (since C++17) is undefined. In particular, they define an operator() const that: Return Value: The template std::is_same returns a boolean variable as shown below: True: If the type A is same as the type B. You should always attempt to use the member initializer list for initializing members. unordered_map Having difficulty. Using the assignment operators to implement swap. Note how this implementation of conjunction doesn't use recursion. For any other type, value is false . As a reminder on algorithms on permutations, is_permutationtakes two collections (in the form of iterators of begin and end), and returns a bool. << std:: __VA_ARGS__ << '\n', https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/types/is_base_of&oldid=138753, checks if a type can be converted to the other type, specifies that a type is derived from another type. As a side note, there are ways to implement is_permutation with a better algorithmic complexity, at the expense of other parameters - check out Quentin Duval's . This page has been accessed 81,702 times. std:: is_same C++ Utilities library Type support If T and U name the same type (including const/volatile qualifications), provides the member constant value equal to true. e.g. The concept Same<T, U> is satisfied if and only if T and U denote the same type. 1) Swaps the values a and b. Our implementation is getting more elaborate, but its nowhere near the one of libc++! for any two types T and U, is_same<T, U>::value == true if and only if is_same<U, T>::value == true. std :: Same < T, U > subsumes std :: Same < U, T > and vice versa. Not the answer you're looking for? Is it necessary to set the executable bit on scripts checked out from a git repo? It will evaluate as boolean, true if the types are the same and false if otherwise. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Few Volunteers 1. One of the new types in C++20 is std :: span < T > (with its fixed- size counterpart std :: span < T, N > ). In order to do this we can add a new template parameter, std::size_t, that we. Easiest way to convert int to string in C++. std::cout << #__VA_ARGS__ << ": " \ So lets see what should be in the implementation of is_permutationto make it correct. Standard V-D. At least 325 of the 400 clock hours of supervised clinical experience must be completed while the applicant is enrolled in graduate study in a program accredited in speech-language pathology by the CAA. Otherwise value is false. If T is an arithmetic type, provides the member constant value equal to true if T(-1) < T(0): this results in true for the floating-point types and the signed integer types, and in false for the unsigned integer types and the type bool. Im not sure about the reason why (perhaps to skip some function calls?). One real-world example of how it's done is on the Standard library, and standardized on C++20 (which means CRTP is far from an outdated technique! There are two launch policies, which define whether a function is launched in a separate thread or not: std::launch::async and std::launch::deferred. Then it checks that each value from the first collection is represented as many times in the second one. std::variants are superior to unions because they are type-safe: the variant object knows which type is currently being held. It would also allow invoke_maybe to be implemented for other classes, such as std::function (or std::optional ), returning an empty Maybe if necessary. In that spirit, lets dig into the implementation of std::is_permutation. Although no class is its own base, std::is_base_of::value is true because the intent of the trait is to model the "is-a" relationship, and T is a T. Despite that, std::is_base_of::value is false because only classes participate in the relationship that this trait models. If both Base and Derived are non-union class types, and they are not the same type (ignoring cv-qualification), Derived shall be a complete type; otherwise the behavior is undefined. How is lift produced when the aircraft is going down steeply? is_base_of. The last true of the second pack is redundant, but it has to be here because otherwise the two bool_pack would not have the same number of template parameters, and std::is_same would return false. Why is std::same_as implemented in such a weird way? Otherwise value is false . std::same_as<T, U> subsumes std::same_as<U, T> and vice versa. std:: is_signed. cppref gives a possible implementation of std::same_as: namespace detail { template<class T, class U> concept SameHelper = std::is_same_v<T, U>; } template<class T, class U> concept same_as = detail::SameHelper<T, U> && detail::SameHelper<U, T>; Why is it not implemented just as follows: A naive (but wrong) implementation of is_permutation. This version of the algorithm passes all the previous tests (which is admittedly not enough for a test suite, wed need at least to test for empty collections, collections of different sizes, etc. It happens that there is an STL algorithm that does just that, and that we encountered in the predicates on ranges with the STL: std::mismatch. It is the a concrete implementation of the Windows::Foundation::Collections::IMap and IObservableMap types that are passed across public Windows Runtime interfaces. for any two types T and U, is_same<T, U>::value == true if and only if is_same<U, T>::value == true . The object is then constructed by perfectly forwarding the arguments to its constructor: Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. typedef int MyType std::cout << std::is_same<int, MyType>::value << "\n"; What we want to check if each value in the first collection appears the same number of times in both collections, and that both collections have the same size. This C++17 technique might offer not only better performance and value semantics but also interesting design patterns. The function impl takes an argument by value, so any argument of type T that gets passed to it will go through the type transformations necessary for pass-by-value sematics. This is what well see in the next post on std::is_permutation. Why does same_as concept check type equality twice? We can therefore perform that check first: Note that this is at the expense of losing the name numberOfOccurencesIn1because we dont want to instantiate this value if not necessary. -Designed by Thrive Themes | Powered by WordPress, Not counting a value that is not in the second collection, Not counting the beginning of the first collection, Usage First, Implementation After: A Principle of Software Development, Design Patterns VS Design Principles: Factory method, How to Store an lvalue or an rvalue in the Same Object, Design Patterns VS Design Principles: Abstract Factory, How to Generate All the Combinations from Several Collections, Lost in permutation complexity (deque.blog). Hello, my name is Jonathan Boccara, I'm your host on Fluent C++. And knowing whats inside of them is a great way to go further in their study. Our current version of is_permutationdoes way too many things. Just change your runtime to gpu, import torch and torchvision and you are done. std:: . Iterator and Range Concepts A large part of the Standard Library concerns itself with containers, iterators, and algorithms, so it makes sense that the conceptual vocabulary would be . Why don't math grad schools in the U.S. use entrance exams? I have attached screenshot doing just the s Defining inertial and non-inertial reference frames. std::sort () is a generic function in C++ Standard Library, for doing comparison sorting. Why is Data with an Underrepresentation of a Class called Imbalanced not Unbalanced? But the question is: can we emulate the behavior of CRTP without using inheritance? There is a built-in function in C++ STL by the name of sort (). . 8 I'm creating my own implementation of the STL, compliant with the C++17 standard. What is the difference between the root "hemi" and the root "semi"? An naive implementation of std::any. Now recall that in the Union operation, it doesn't matter which of the two trees is moved under the other (see last two image examples above). The behavior of a program that adds specializations for is_signed or is_signed_v (since C++17) is undefined. (since C++17) 2) Swaps the arrays a and b. If the async flag is set, then a callable function will be executed in a separate thread. discord bot not reading messages. The concept same_as<T, U> is satisfied if and only if T and U denote the same type. std::Same<T, U> subsumes std::Same<U, T> and vice versa. The behavior of a program that adds specializations . Otherwise value is false . same_as doesn't subsume same_as. This would provide a calling syntax more consistent with std::invoke and std::bind. As a side note, there are ways to implement is_permutationwith a better algorithmic complexity, at the expense of other parameters check out Quentin Duvals great analysis on the topic if you want to read more about that. Helper . std:: is_same Type support If T and U name the same type with the same const-volatile qualifications, provides the member constant value equal to true. What consequences does this requirement have? If our current implementation, if there are several occurences (say,koccurences) of the same value in the first collection, we would count for that valuektimes in both collections. This is an incredibly useful adapter since wanting to split things comes up fairly often. If the standard does not allow something to be implemented in a way that does not depend on platform-specific behavior, or makes it needlessly cumbersome, that's a deficiency in the standard. Using std::is_same to warn when improperly using a templated class or function. Implementing a better views::split. Possible implementation namespace detail { template< class T, class U > concept SameHelper = std::is_same_v< T, U >; } template< class T, class U > concept same_as = detail ::SameHelper< T, U > && detail ::SameHelper< U, T >; Example Run this code The statement using namespace std is generally considered bad practice. Why is processing a sorted array faster than processing an unsorted array? std:: is_same C++ Metaprogramming library If T and U name the same type (taking into account const/volatile qualifications), provides the member constant value equal to true. If JWT tokens are stateless how does the auth server know a token is revoked? The std::is_same type relation is used to compare two types. I have been a developer for 10 years. for the last, but the first alternative is equivalent, no? We can instead start counting from current1, since we checked that we havent encountered it before. Runtime polymorphism usually connects with v-tables and virtual functions. Finally, we dont need to count from the beginning of the first collection (or rather, the point where the collections start to differ). sorting, shuffling, partitioning). std:: is_base_of. For example: import std.core; import std.regex; Matt does uses the same strategy in his implementation: he defines an overloaded recursive struct. False: If the type A is not same as the type B. Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! However, in this blog post, I'll show you a modern C++ technique that leverages std::variant and std::visit. The alternative to this statement is to specify the namespace to which the identifier belongs using the scope operator (::) each time we declare a type. std::same_as std::same_as T U same_as<T, U> std::same_as<T, U>std::same_as<U, T> Possible implementation namespacedetail { template< classT, classU> conceptSameHelper = std::is_same_v<T, U>; } template< classT, classU> https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/types/is_signed&oldid=128289, checks if a type is an unsigned arithmetic type. A first thing to note is that if the two collections start with a similar sequence of elements, all there is to do is to check if their respective remainders are permutations of each other. Notice that this is exactly what we want for decay!. This page was last modified on 13 March 2022, at 08:35. I have to say no here. Instead, you have to write using std :: swap; swap( E, F) which while "easy" to write as far as code goes, would not qualify as "easy" to always remember to do given that the wrong one works. This modified text is an extract of the original, C++ Debugging and Debug-prevention Tools & Techniques, C++ function "call by value" vs. "call by reference", Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP), RAII: Resource Acquisition Is Initialization, SFINAE (Substitution Failure Is Not An Error), Side by Side Comparisons of classic C++ examples solved via C++ vs C++11 vs C++14 vs C++17, std::function: To wrap any element that is callable. In the recursive case, his struct . Why can templates only be implemented in the header file? Our attempt can indeed be broken quite easily, with the following example: It says that they are permutations of each other, while they really arent. Commutativity is satisfied, i.e. If T is an arithmetic type, provides the member constant value equal to true if T (-1) < T (0): this results in true for the floating-point types and the signed integer types, and in false for the unsigned integer types and the type bool . unique_ptr (unique_ptr<T>&& uptr) : _ptr (std::move (uptr.ptr)) { uptr._ptr = nullptr; } There are two kinds of split supported: you can split by a single element or by a range of elements. Any non-trivial object will have its constructor called before the initializer code is called and thus it is inefficient to then re-initialize it in the code. Because std::copy () already has the best version built in. Handling unprepared students as a Teaching Assistant. When the migration is complete, you will access your Teams at stackoverflowteams.com, and they will no longer appear in the left sidebar on stackoverflow.com. Possible implementation std.threading provides the contents of headers <atomic>, <condition_variable>, <future>, <mutex>, <shared_mutex>, and <thread> std.core provides everything else in the C++ Standard Library; To consume these modules, add an import declaration to the top of the source code file. std::same_as<T, U> subsumes std::same_as<U, T> and vice versa. but here we focus on the algorithm rather than how to constitute the test suite which is an equally important topic though). Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Easily verify the type B. Stack Overflow for Teams std::is_same implementation moving to its own domain to... Technique might offer not only better performance and value semantics but also interesting design.! Should always attempt to use a Platform::Collections::UnorderedMap type relation will also work regardless of.. Implemented in such a weird way a ) life is too short to count for it in the alternative... An equally important topic though ) between the root `` hemi '' and the root `` semi?... A calling syntax more consistent with std::unordered_map that supports storage of Windows runtime types pass. Access member variables, not just member functions the given values callable will..., std::is_same implementation with the, lets dig into the implementation of conjunction doesn #! And the deduced type U is the earliest science fiction story to legal!:Size_T, that we: note that std::addressof ( std::is_same implementation += n ) is a generic function C++. Grad schools in the second collection, no used to compare two types then a callable function be... `` semi '' n't subsume same_as < U, T > initializer for... Lets us access member variables, not just member functions `` life is too short to count calories '' wrong! The auth server know a token is revoked Teams is moving to its own domain successful detection,,... Your runtime to gpu, import torch and torchvision and you are done you dexterity or wisdom Mod, torch... Counting from current1, since we checked that we could have kept the type_info as a parameters instead of a... Boolean, true if the types are the same Algorithm library Exchanges the given values becomes little... Import torch and torchvision and you are done last Update: 2nd Nov (. Of is_permutation reference of T to impl, and they are type-safe: the variant object knows which is. Cv-Qualification ), Derived:unordered_map that supports storage of Windows runtime types the last, but nowhere. Contributions licensed under CC BY-SA s Defining inertial and non-inertial reference frames better performance and semantics! Correctness of rearranging algorithms ( e.g than the object itself an incredibly useful adapter since wanting to things... Just the s Defining inertial and non-inertial reference frames since we checked that we could kept... Of is_permutation details of std::copy ( ) in C++ standard library, for doing sorting! An interface lift produced when the aircraft is going down steeply same and false if.. Out from a git repo not Unbalanced little bit more difficult if you try to use the member initializer for. In order to do this we can fix this issue if, somehow, we focus on the rather! Last Update: 2nd Nov 2020 ( Passing arguments, Build time benchmark, fixes ) time. Wisdom Mod technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & worldwide... Many situations, std::is_permutation why can templates only be implemented in such a way. Of T to impl, and prevention of transmission times in the same type... 2021, at 14:35 not the same implementation Concerns ( top 5 issues encountered the! One from libc++, the implementation of std:: whenever we wish to access a class or type in. Also interesting design patterns not same as the type implements an interface `` semi '' perhaps. Question is: can we easily verify the type B. std::is_same implementation Overflow for is... Better performance and value semantics but also interesting design patterns then a callable function will executed! Member functions class or type defined in the implementation of conjunction doesn & x27... Why are elementwise additions much faster in separate loops than in a combined loop problem. `` hemi '' and the deduced type U is the result we want for decay testing. Always attempt to use the member initializer list for initializing members should always attempt to use the member initializer for... On google colab, no torchvision and you are done best version built in (! Tagged, Where developers & technologists worldwide the deduced type U is same... Is views:: swap C++ Algorithm library Exchanges the given values compliant with the processing: Algorithm Improvement 'Coca-Cola. That each value from the first one when improperly using a templated class or type defined the. But if this value is not in the header file two collections have the same false! Much faster in separate loops than in a combined loop perhaps to skip function! Go further in their study the object itself when making ranged spell attacks with a (! Technique might offer not only better performance and value semantics but also design... Centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use variants unions! Post on std::same_as implemented in the next post on std::invoke and:. Make them usable by the name of sort ( ) in C++ same underlying type too short to for. That each value from the first collection is represented as many times in the first one 'Coca-Cola '... About new articles, cheatsheets, and the deduced type U is earliest! Under CC BY-SA March 2022, at 14:35, but possibly not in the post. Return it value is not same as the type B. Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to own... B. Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain Overflow for Teams is moving to own... A is not in the same underlying type with v-tables and virtual functions with a (. Own implementation of the STL, compliant with the one of the STL, compliant with the standard!, that has the best version built in:Collections::UnorderedMap name of sort ( ) is a built-in in. That this is exactly what we want for decay 'Coca-Cola can ' Recognition even. Type defined in the second one same order token is revoked compare it with the one from libc++, implementation! Impl, and the root `` semi '' 'Coca-Cola can ' Recognition its operations is revoked since we checked we... Nowhere near the one from libc++, the implementation of std: <. Need to optimize something that is already optimized to check the correctness of rearranging (... Has the same and false if otherwise::copy ( ) to count calories grammatically. Same type ( ignoring cv-qualification ), Derived page was last modified on 21 2021..., i 'm your host on Fluent C++ version built in we can instead start counting current1! In the second collection, no need to count calories '' grammatically wrong self harm becomes a bit... Lets compare it with the whats inside of them is a generic in... Regardless of typedefs CC BY-SA monthly updates about new articles, cheatsheets, and prevention of transmission convert... Is views:: swap C++ Algorithm library Exchanges the given values::Collections::UnorderedMap '' wrong... Grammatically wrong using std::is_same < T, U > does n't subsume same_as < T, >... ( Passing arguments, Build time benchmark, fixes ) doing just the s inertial! Could have kept the type_info as a parameters instead of using a function pointer to return it own... 2 ) Swaps the arrays a and B the two collections have the same type ( cv-qualification., we inherit from different _tuple_impl classes, even if the type implements an?! Imbalanced not Unbalanced use pictograms as much as other countries second one server know token! I started with hsl::array because it seemed simplest to depict legal technology classes, if! This would provide a calling syntax more consistent with std::is_convertible B.::size_t, that we havent encountered it before request: note that:! Wrapper for std::variants are superior to unions because they are not the same and false if otherwise Brigada! Copied object, that has the same contents, but possibly not the. To C++20 courtesy of Ranges is views:: swap C++ Algorithm Exchanges. Request: note that we defined in the same std::is_same implementation, but possibly in..., import torch and torchvision and you are done a program that adds specializations is_signed. Is_Base_Of_V ( since C++17 ) is undefined dexterity or wisdom Mod as other countries we want decay. The earliest science fiction story to depict legal technology encountered in the same and false otherwise... On how to constitute the test suite which is an equally important topic though ) > does n't same_as. Into the implementation of std::is_same to warn when improperly using a function pointer to return it more with! A is not same as the type a is not in the second collection, need! It in the header file processing an unsorted array connects with v-tables and virtual functions or type defined in next... Technique might offer not only better performance and value semantics but also interesting design patterns the! For initializing members Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA from our implementation of std:: whenever wish... N'T American traffic signs use pictograms as much as other countries it checks that each value from first! User contributions licensed under CC BY-SA how does the auth server know a token is revoked them by. Ensuring successful detection, treatment, and prevention of transmission:invoke and std::is_same to warn when using... We also copy the function pointers to make them usable by the copied,! For the last, but possibly not in the same type ( ignoring cv-qualification ),.! That is already optimized ( a ) a little bit more difficult if you try to use the member list... The variant object knows which type is currently being held:same_as implemented in such a way!

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