Since the ability of the firm to access finance is only observable if the firm applies for finance, this raises the issue of selection bias. On one hand, the proportion of women among skilled professionals continues to increase, as does progress towards wage equality, albeit at a slower pace. Just over half of firms were temporary closed during the pandemic, 70% experienced a drop in cashflows and 10% delayed payments to suppliers,landlordsor tax authorities. Crespi-Cladera R., Martn-Oliver A. Evidence from small business lending. At the current relative pace, gender gaps can potentially be closed in 52.1 years in Western Europe, 61.5 years in North America, and 68.9 years in Latin America and the Caribbean. Sales_Increase indicates high-income generation, thus reducing the need for external credit. As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. Through the combined effect of accelerated automation, the growing double shift, and other labour market dynamics such as occupational segregation, the pandemic is likely to have a scarring effect on future economic opportunities for women, risking inferior reemployment prospects and a persistent drop in income. India's overall performance increased from 0.625 (in 2021) to 0.629, which is the seventh-highest rating it has received in the previous 16 years. Takes a value of 1 if the firm accessed finance from equity (increase contributions or capital from existing owners/shareholders or issuing new shares) as the main mechanism of dealing with cash flow shortages during the pandemic. About 12% of sample firms are exporters, 33% are product or process innovators; 3% are micro-sized, 47% small-sized (<19 employees), 32% are medium-sized (19-100 employees), and 18% are large (>100 employees). 2230. Ensure sufficient resources 4. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Everything you need to know about Consumer Goods, Identify market potentials of the digital future, Insights into the world's most important technology markets, Health Market Outlook report the two-stage heckprobit regression results for female-owned and managed businesses, respectively.4 Face-to-face interviews were held with the owner/manager or representative of each firm. "Gender Gap Index in Egypt from 2016 to 2021. (March 30, 2021). Notes: ATT is the average treatment effect on the treated. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. 17 in Gender Gap Report 2021. Earlier in 2021, India was placed at 140th out of 156 nations. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Global gender farqi hisoboti birinchi marta 2006-yilda Jahon iqtisodiy forumi tomonidan nashr etilgan. Across the three methods, the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) is positive for debt financing. Standard errors are in parentheses. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Everything you need to know about Consumer Goods, Identify market potentials of the digital future, Insights into the world's most important technology markets, Health Market Outlook Our paper is motivated by the fact that a significant portion of smaller businesses globally are female-owned/led (Bruhnetal., 2017), the importance of these firms in driving female participation in the economy, and female entrepreneurs being particularly hit hard by the pandemic (Liuetal., 2021), putting much of the progress made towards women's empowerment at risk. Please do not hesitate to contact me. Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically. India has ranked 140 among 156 countries in Global Gender Gap Index 2021, which is 28 spots lower than its 2020 ranking. Chart. COVID-19, Females, Debt, Equity, Heckman model, Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. The index score ranges from 0 to 1 (zero gender gap). This growth is driven by India, where women's uptake of smartphones and internet usage has been significant (Figure 3). Gender discrimination in access to finance may worsen during uncertain periods when finance providers apply tougher conditions to less attractive borrowers (Cowlingetal., 2012; Robbetal., 2013). Assess the needs 2. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. In, World Economic Forum. Iceland is the most gender-equal country in the world for the 12th time. From a country perspective, performances varied greatly. The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks 153 countries on their progress towards gender parity in four dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and; Political Empowerment. Cooper A.C., Woo C.Y., Dunckelberg W. Entrepreneurs' perceived chances for success. Ahmed Imran Hunjra: Data curation, Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing original draft. Yemen is ranked the worst (153 rd ), while Iraq is 152 nd and Pakistan 151 st. India- Specific Findings As a Premium user you get access to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic. Data points to significant challenges for gender parity in the future of jobs due to increasing occupational gender-segregation. Currently, you are using a shared account. March 30, 2021. Since this requires a longitudinal approach, we leave this for future exploration. The slow progress seen in closing the Economic Participation and Opportunity gap is the result of two opposing trends. You may notice problems with Table3 shows that female entrepreneurs accessed debt financing by up to 2 percentage points more than their male counterparts. In: Making Equality Count: Irish and International Research Measuring Equality and Discrimination. Evidence from Italy. Cowles Foundation. Heckprobit results for access to finance in female-led firms. Discrimination theory, widely cited in finance, helps to explain gender differences in access to finance (Ateridoetal., 2013; Phamand Talavera,2018). An empirical test based on collateral clauses. Use Ask Statista Research Service, Data are taken from different publications by the same source. Bank credit constraints for women-led SMEs: self-restraint or lender bias? Gender gap index in Ghana from 2016 to 2021 [Graph]. Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information Pakistan presently ranks among the worst countries in gender parity, only above Iraq, Yemen, and Afghanistan. the percentage of the gender gap that has been closed). Family-owned firms and sole proprietors accessed debt financing more during the pandemic, consistent with Crespi-Claderaand Martin-Oliver(2014). A few decimal points below is the East Asia and the Pacific region (68.9%), one of the most-improved regions, just ahead of Sub- Saharan Africa (67.2%) and surpassing South Asia (62.7%). Women remain 7% less likely than men to own a mobile phone, and are 16% less likely to use mobile internet. However, the last mile of progress is proceeding slowly. Statista. Widening gender gaps in Political Participation have been driven by negative trends in some large countries which have counterbalanced progress in another 98 smaller countries. This year, the Global Gender Gap index benchmarks 156 countries. (2020), but contrary to existing prejudicial belief, that in the context of high economic uncertainty, prototypical forms of femininity become advantageous as creditor providers seek to hedge their risks by favouring more conservative lenders. A delay in payments increases the firm's cash availability, reducing the need for external credit. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique is widely in gender studies to identify and quantify the separate contributions of differences in measurable characteristics to group differences in the outcome of interest. From a firm's perspective, both Temp_Closed and Delay_Pay are exogenous and plausibly random, and the nature of these variables are unlikely to directly affect a firm's access to finance (Phamand Talavera,2018; Qiand Ongena,2020). Robust standards errors are reported in parentheses. Explore the report Report summary Key Findings Read more To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set The ideal entry-level account for individual users. PH drops to No. We find no evidence of gender bias in access to equity financing. In 2021, India was ranked 140 out of 156 countries. Data for 2019 is not available. The second instrumental variable Delay_Pay takes the value of 1 if the firm delays their payments, and 0 otherwise. We find no evidence for gender differences in equity financing. In details, the report revealed that countries included in the index have covered 97.5% of the gap in health between men and women and 95.0% of the gap . Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). The sharp decline in cash inflow resulting from the temporary lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic has driving many firms, especially smaller ones, close to bankruptcy, unable to meet their current and ongoing financial obligation. facts. Do women pay more for credit? Recently, the World Economic Forum (WEF) released its Global Gender Gap (GGG) Index for 2022, which placed India at 135 out of 146 nations. 3 During the period under review, gender. Table2 shows that to deal with cash flow shortages during the pandemic, about 14% of firms accessed equity financing, 10% accessed bank finance, and 1% accessed MFI finance. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set While the eight job clusters typically experience a high influx of new talent, at current rates those inflows do not re-balance occupational segregation and transitioning to fields where women are currently underrepresented appears to remain difficult. We apply two robustness checks: propensity score matching (PSM) and BlinderOaxaca decomposition technique. Tables4 and and5 Nirosha Hewa-Wellalage: Conceptualization, Writing original draft, Formal analysis, Methodology. Figures have been rounded. Despite rapid economic growth in the last two decades, India continues to fare miserably in GGI . Takes the value of 1 if the firm reports a decrease in cash flow during the pandemic, and 0 otherwise. New, Insights into the worlds most important health markets, Figures and insights about the advertising and media world, Everything you need to know about the industry development. The gender gap in bank credit access. Iceland has been the frontrunner on the Global Gender Gap Index for 11 years in a row. The index estimates that on its current trajectory, it will take another 14.2 years to completely close this gap. Comparing this year's results against last year's by examining the 145 countries covered in both the 2021 and 2022 editions shows that the overall gender parity score rose from 67.9% to 68.1%. Our findings are in support of the proposition of Cowlingetal. (SBAHQ-11-M-0203), 41. Get full access to all features within our Corporate Solutions. Robb, A., Consulting, M., Rafael, L.S., 2013. The responses provide firm level information about private businesses of all sizes, including firm characteristics and owner/manager demographics. Extreme governance: an analysis of dual-class firms in the United States. In the most recent Global Gender Gap Report announced by the World Economic Forum on March 31, 2021, Japan ranked 120th out of 156 countries. Humphries, J.C.N., Ulyssea, G., 2020. This report also premiers a new measure created in collaboration with the LinkedIn Economic Graph team which captures the difference between men and womens likelihood to make an ambitious job switch. ", World Economic Forum, Gender gap index in Egypt from 2016 to 2021 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1253939/gender-gap-index-in-egypt/ (last visited November 10, 2022), Gender gap index in Egypt from 2016 to 2021, Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, Average monthly salary in the media industry in Sweden 2014-2021, by gender, Employment in the media industry in Sweden 2008-2020, by gender, Monthly salary of managers in the media industry in Sweden 2014-2021, by gender, Number of managers working in the media industry in Sweden 2014-2021, by gender, Daily media usage in Sweden 2021, by gender, Average time spent per day with media in Sweden 2021, by gender, Monthly salary of journalists in Sweden 2014-2021, by gender, Female journalists' salary as a percentage of males salary in Sweden 2014-2021, Salary of movie and theater directors and producers in Sweden 2014-2021, by gender, Gender pay gap among film & stage directors & producers in Sweden 2014-2021, Distribution of leading roles in movies in Sweden 2021, by gender & production origin, Share of women making documentaries in Sweden 2015-2019, by job type, Share of funded short movies with a woman in a key position in Sweden 2021, Share of funded feature-length movies with a woman in a key position in Sweden 2021, Monthly salary of musicians in Sweden 2014-2020, by gender, Female musicians' salary as a percentage of male musicians salary in Sweden 2014-2019, Monthly salary of game and media designers in Sweden 2015-2021, by gender, Female game developers' salary as a percentage of men's salary in Sweden 2014-2021, Female game designer salary as a percentage of men's salary in Sweden 2015-2020, Number of game and digital media designers in Sweden 2017-2020, by gender, Distribution of employees of Bonnier 2020, by gender, Number of employees at Aller Holding 2014-2021, by gender, Number of employees of Nordic Entertainment Group 2018-2021, by gender, Employees of Modern Times Group 2021, by country and gender, Starbreeze women female workforce 2016-2021, Average daily TV viewing time in Sweden 2009-2021, by gender, Watching online video per day in Sweden 2011-2021, by gender, Individuals downloading/streaming music per day in Sweden 2009-2021 by gender, Weekly book readers in Sweden 2008-2021, by gender, Daily newspaper subscribers in Sweden 2009-2021, by gender, Frequency of playing online games in Sweden 2019, by gender, Costa Rica: gender gap index 2022, by area, Guatemala: gender gap index 2022, by area, Venezuela: gender gap index 2021, by area, Argentina: gender gap index 2022, by area, Dominican Republic: gender gap index 2022, by area, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, Find a brief overview of all Outlooks here, Tools and Tutorials explained in our Media Centre. 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