Modern excavations reveal human occupation there dating back to the fourth millennium B.C.E. tradition claims Samaria as the burial place of John the Baptist. a) [Belonging to the Clan Shemer]. The other Israelite polity, the Kingdom of Judah, lay to the south. [Notes 1] It can be said with certainty that the northern regions underwent a period of re-urbanization during the 10th century BCE, paving the way to the establishment of a kingdom ruled by the Omride dynasty in the 9th century BCE, and that the political center of this kingdom shifted from Shechem to Samaria, where a lavish palace was built. [22], After the destruction of Israel, the Samaritans emerged as an ethnoreligious group in the region of Samaria, claiming descent from the Israelites. include a magnificent colonnaded street, a temple-lined . The second most important city in the region of Samaria was Shechem, modern Tell Balata, c. Where is Judea and Samaria today? Israel National News > Israeli News > Profile: The Capital of Samaria Profile: The Capital of Samaria The community of Ariel has grown from tents on a hilltop to a city of 20,000 and recently has . Samaria. During the three-year siege of Samaria in the territory of Ephraim by the Assyrians, Shalmaneser V died and was succeeded by Sargon II, who himself records the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. After an assault of three years, the city fell and much of its population was taken into captivity and deported. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, that was subsequently enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. In Acts 8:5-14, it is recorded that Philip went to the city of Samaria and preached there, converting many residents, including the famous local miracle-worker Simon, called "Simon Magus" in Christian tradition. The name "Samaria" is derived from the ancient city of Samaria, the second capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel. [17] Assyrian period[edit] Ahab slaughtered an abundance of sheep and oxen for him and for the people who were with him, and induced him View more, 9Now the king of Israel and King Jehoshaphat of Judah were sitting on their thrones, arrayed in their robes; and they were sitting at the threshing floor at the View more. Sebaste is mentioned in the Mishnah ('Ar. a hill, then a town and the kingdom of which it was the capital. They are not naturally watered by many rivers, but derive their chief moisture from rain-water, of which they have no want; and for those rivers which they have, all their waters are exceeding sweet: by reason also of the excellent grass they have, their cattle yield more milk than do those in other places; and, what is the greatest sign of excellency and of abundance, they each of them are very full of people. Based on the Samaritan Torah, Samaritans claim their worship is the true religion of the ancient Israelites prior to the Babylonian exile, preserved by those who remained behind. it is n View more, 15I will tear down the winter house as well as the summer house; 3, 4) also speaks of the Jewish soldiers of Sebaste who had served in Herod's army and later sided with the Romans when the Jews revolted. Some of the events are believed to have been recorded long after the destruction of the kingdom. warred against Judah and captured Jerusalem, he brought to Samaria the gold, silver, and vessels of the Temple and the king's palace (2 Kings 14:14). Samaria extends for about 40 miles (65 km) from north to south and 35 miles (56 km) from east to west. The geographical region in the hill country north of Jerusalem. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. The shortest way for Jewish people to go north from Jerusalem or south from Galilee was . 1In the eighteenth year of King Jehoshaphat of Judah, Jehoram son of Ahab became king over Israel in Samaria; he reigned twelve years View more. Text. They have abundance of trees, and are full of autumnal fruit, both that which grows wild, and that which is the effect of cultivation. Durante el asedio de tres aos de Samaria por los asirios, Salmanasar V muri y fue sucedido por Sargn II de Asiria. The New Testament contains several references to Samaria. ; U.S. peace plan in jeopardy; Internal Tensions", "This Side of the River Jordan; On Language", Nelson's perpetual loose-leaf encyclopaedia: an international work of reference, "Samaria | historical region, Palestine | Britannica", "The Ivories from Samaria: Complete Catalogue, Stylistic Classification, Iconographical Analysis, Cultural-Historical Evaluation", "2 Kings 17 Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers", "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation", "The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim in the Light of the Archaeological Evidence", Department of Near Eastern Studies, University of Michigan, The Destruction of the Samaritan Temple by John Hyrcanus: A Reconsideration, "The Samaritans during the Hasmonean Period: The Affirmation of a Discrete Identity? The house of Omri is a common designation of the northern Kingdom of Israel in Assyrian royal inscriptions, which continued to be used long after Omris dynasty was overthrown. Samarias wealth and importance during the peaceful and prosperous reign of Jeroboam II (793-753 B.C.E., according to E. R. Thiele) is seen in the 68 ostraca found in the Ostraca House that lay west of and below the palace. What did this palace look like, and was it destroyed when the Assyrians conquered the kingdom of Israel in 721 B.C.E.? According to the Hebrew Bible, the Israelites captured the region known as Samaria . Ron E. Tappy is the G. Albert Shoemaker Professor of Bible and Archaeology at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, the Director of the James L. Kelso Museum, and the Project Director of The Zeitah Excavations. Every king of Israel was evil. Why was Samaria made the capital of the Kingdom of Israel? The elite class of citizens from Samaria and other northern towns were replaced by colonists from different countries, sent there by the Assyrian king. 1. His wife Jezebel was the daughter of the Phoenician king of Tyre and a devotee to Baal worship (1 Kings 16:31). It was condemned by the Hebrew prophets for its "ivory houses" and luxury palaces displaying pagan riches. M. Levy-Rubin, "New evidence relating to the process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period - The Case of Samaria", in: Alan David Crown, Reinhard Pummer, Abraham Tal (eds. The former group sometimes appeared so lavishly decorated with gold foil and inlays of lapis lazuli that precious little of the gleaming-white ivory actually remained visible. have appeared far south of Samaria at Kuntillet Ajrud, an isolated caravanserai in the northern Sinai Desert operating as a state-sponsored way station (recall Elijahs flight in 1Kgs 19:1-8) under the authority of Samarias kings. [38] In September 2016, the Town Board of the American Town of Hempstead in the State of New York, led by Councilman Bruce Blakeman entered into a partnership agreement with the Shomron Regional Council, led by Yossi Dagan, as part of an anti-Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign. an artisan made it; The Hebrew Bible depicts the Kingdom of Israel as one of two successor states to the former United Kingdom of Israel ruled by King David and his son Solomon, the other being the Kingdom of Judah. Samaria as a city in the Bible was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel. Samaria Capital of Israel By Rupert Chapman King Omri of Israel selected Samaria as his capital and built an elaborate palace there in the ninth century B.C.E. With their temple on Mount Gerizim, they continued to thrive for centuries.[23]. The next team, the Joint Expedition, excavated from 1931 to 1935, and brought together five institutions under the leadership of the director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, J. W. Crowfoot. https://www.bibleodyssey.org:443/en/places/main-articles/samaria. It is bounded by Galilee on the north and by Judaea on the south; on the west was the Mediterranean Sea and on the east the Jordan River. These remains consist of more than one hundred agricultural installations, the majority of which are rock-cut cisterns and preparation areas. Paul V.M. The blending of multiple religious traditions into one hybrid expression, faith, or practice. There is no clear division between the mountains of southern Samaria and northern Judea. All three coins feature a warship on the front, likely derived from earlier Sidonian coins. Complacent Self-Indulgence Will Be Punished1Alas for those who are at ease in Zion,and for those who feel secure on Mount Samaria,the notables of the first o View more. the people of Samaria : NRSV. inhabitant (s) of Samaria. Samaria (/smri/;[1] Hebrew: , romanized:mrn, Arabic: , romanized:as-Smirah) is the historic and biblical name used for the central region of Palestine, bordered by Judea to the south and Galilee to the north. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. The city was strongly fortified and endured several sieges before its downfall. Massive stone stairs have also been uncovered, believed to have been constructed by Herod the Great as the entry to the temple he dedicated to Augustus at Sebaste. Tiglath-Pilesar also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of Janoah in Ephraim and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali. Samaria. [48], This article is about the geographic region. [15] Later anachronisms, legends and literary forms also affect the story. It was also the name of the administrative district surrounding the city under later Greek and Roman administrations, referring to the mountainous region between the Sea of Galilee to the north and Judea to the south. The New Testament mentions Samaria in Luke 17:1120, in the miraculous healing of the ten lepers, which took place on the border of Samaria and Galilee. For the next 160 years, the city was the capital of the northern kingdom, apparently reaching a size of 150 acres (60 ha; as large as Jerusalem in Hezekiah's time). The Hebrew Bible depicts the Kingdom of Israel as one of two successor states to the former United Kingdom of Israel ruled by King David and his son Solomon, the other being the Kingdom of Judah. [26] He did not want the people of his kingdom to have religious ties to Jerusalem, the capital city of the rival Kingdom of Judah. Samaria (Heb. Some of the Israelite captives were resettled in the Khabur region, and the rest in the land of the Medes, thus establishing Hebrew communities in Ecbatana and Rages. It has produced various basic statistical series on the territories, dealing with population, employment, wages, external trade, national accounts, and various other topics. The site is significant for an inscription found there dedicated to "Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah" and depicting a bull-like figure and a tree that many take to be representations of Yahweh and Asherah, respectively. Jehoram Reigns over Israel | Terms of Use Samaria emerged again into history four centuries after its capture by the Assyrians. 5These twelve Jesus sent out with the following instructions: Go nowhere among the Gentiles, and enter no town of the Samaritans, Jesus Cleanses Ten Lepers 1. Supported by: [6] Today, most scholars believe the Samaritans were a blend of Israelites with other nationalities whom the Assyrians had resettled in the area. Samaria by Ron E. Tappy The hill country of Ephraimnot of Judahwas the cradle of ancient Israelite civilization. [18] Little documentation exists for the period between the fall of Samaria and the end of the Assyrian Empire. Nathan MacDonald on whether Asherah is a goddess or cultic object. This northern kingdom became the Kingdom of Israel. SAMARIA, CITY OF. Samaria, the wealthy capital city of the northern kingdom of Israel, has a long and rich history attested in both the biblical text and the archaeological record. An Israelite oasis in the Negev Desert, probably used as a way-station on Arabian trade routes during the period of the divided monarchy. iii. Flesher --University of Wyoming, Religious Studies Department Though such a structure may indeed have existed there, Ahab (who gave his sons Yahwistic names: Ahaziah, held by Yahweh, and Jehoram/Joram, Yahweh is exalted) apparently also built temples or shrines to the Canaanite gods Baal and Asherah, according to the biblical text. There they exposed, amongst other monumental remains from later periods, the remnant of a magnificent building that they identified as the 9th century Iron Age Palace of Omri. and a slightly later casemate wall system that drastically changed the topography of the city that they designated the Palace of Ahab. Exposing the earliest city at Samaria is best summed up in Reisners own words (Reisneret al.1924, 6061). Ahab expanded the size of Samaria and propelled Israel into international politics by fighting protracted wars against the kingdom of Aram, struggling for hegemony over Transjordan, and participating in an anti-Assyrian league at Qarqar. They had their own sacred precinct on Mount Gerizim and claimed that it was the original sanctuary. Media, Video and Lectures From The Arizona Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Arizona, Teaching the Bible in Public Schools and Higher Ed, Scholars, Frauds, the Media and the Public, Essays on Minimalism from Bible and Interpretation, Final Reports on the Yehoash Inscription and James Ossuary from the Israeli Antiquities Authority, Essays on the James Ossuary and the Temple Tablet from Bible and Interpretation, University of Wyoming, Religious Studies Department, University of Arizona, Center for Judaic Studies, Department of Archaeology and Art History, University of Evansville. 15, 4), and was afterward taken by Pompey, who rebuilt it and attached it to the government of Syria (ib. they prophesied by Baal (Josephus, l.c. Therefore. [5] Foreign groups were settled by the Assyrians in the territories of the fallen kingdom. In the aftermath of the Bar Kochba revolt of the second century C.E., Hadrian consolidated the older political units of Judea, Galilee, and Samaria into the new province of Syria Palaestina (Palestine). And what is the high View more. [16], According to the Hebrew Bible, the Israelites captured the region known as Samaria from the Canaanites and assigned it to the Tribe of Joseph. Biblical authors reduce Baal to a generic term for other gods and accuse the chosen people of honoring him, in order to vindicate Yahweh for disasters. The Zinman Institute of Archaeology In short, the newly established capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel was not a militarily strategic site, nor was it located on any major trade route; rather it served as the hub of a highly specialized and lucrative oil and wine industry that flourished throughout southern Samaria. Taken together, the biblical and extrabiblical evidence suggests a degree of religious pluralism at Samaria that would have enraged the orthodox Yahwistic establishment in Israel. 1Now Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria. So called from Shemer, its first owner (1 Kgs. The entire Northern Kingdom of Israel. An authoritative collection of texts generally accepted as scripture. University of Haifa Direct references to Samaria first occur in the, Even late in the history of the First Temple period, writers remembered Samaria as the, Herod the Great lavishly built up the city and called it. and Sukenik, E.L. 1942The Buildings at Samaria. West of the palace there are meager remains of other buildings from this period. Caesar Augustus entrusted Samaria to Herod the Great, under whom it flourished anew as Sebaste. In the Book of Acts, the city of Samaria was the location of the first successful Christian evangelical effort outside of Jerusalem. The other Israelite polity, the Kingdom of Judah, lay to the south. Sinuballat is best known as an adversary of Nehemiah from the Book of Nehemiah where he is said to have sided with Tobiah the Ammonite and Geshem the Arabian. Jordan withdrew its claim to the West Bank, including Samaria, only in 1988, as was later confirmed by the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty of 1993. It was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel , one of the two successor states of the kingdom that was ruled by the kings David and Solomon. It remained the capital until its destruction by the Assyrians in 722. In 1988, Jordan ceded its claim of the area to the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He accepted the earlier expeditions findings but changed the terminology to Building Period I (instead of the Palace of Omri) and Building Period II (instead of the Palace of Ahab) (Crowfootet al. and record small shipments of wine and oil to the capital from clan-based communities in the surrounding countryside (including Shechem, but not the rebuilt Tirzah). Samaria (Hebrew: Shomron) is mentioned in the Bible in 1 Kings 16:24 as the name of the mountain on which Omri, ruler of the northern Israelite kingdom in the 9th century BCE, built his capital, naming it also Samaria. Samaria is a historical and biblical name used for the central region of ancient Israel, bordered by Galilee to the north and Judaea to the south. An example is the worship of Marduk as the chief deity of the Babylonian pantheon. A more neutral alternative to "Old Testament.". When was Samaria founded? The Palestinian Authority and the international community do not recognize the term "Samaria"; in modern times, the territory is generally known as part of the West Bank. Archaeologists believe the city of Samaria was richer and more developed than any other city in Israel or Judah. Later, Jehosophat's son and successor, Jehoram of Judah, married Ahab's daughter Athaliah, cementing the alliance. The new settlers, probably influenced by the remaining local population, came to believe that the "God of the land" had not been properly propitiated, and thus priests of Yahweh were sent back by the Assyrian authorities to teach the settlers to worship the Israelite God (2 Kings 17:24-41). At the outbreak of the Jewish war in 66 C.E. Eretz-Israel20 (Yadin Volume) 215-219 (Hebrew). League of Nations Council. View more. It is located on a hill northwest of Nblus in the West Bank territory under Israeli administration since 1967. Who did Samaritans worship? Is Samaria north or south? In their book The Bible Unearthed, authors Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman estimate that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II. [citation needed], The Hebrew Bible relates that the population of the Kingdom of Israel was exiled, becoming known as the Ten Lost Tribes. Ahab also reportedly constructed a temple to Baal at Samaria, probably at the behest of his Phoenician wife Jezebel, much to the dismay of the prophets Elijah and Elisha. The kingdom controlled the regions of Samaria, Galilee and parts of the Transjordan. The lower rocky slopes of Samaria, although barely excavated, also provided evidence for even more rock-cut installations and bottle-shaped cisterns. The Bible states that Ahab allowed the cult worship of Baal to become an acceptable religion of the kingdom. [citation needed], Samaritan tradition states that much of the population of the Northern Kingdom of Israel remained in place after the Exile, including the Tribes of Naphtali, Menasseh, Benjamin and Levi - being the progenitors of the Samaritans. Three years later it was captured by an Assyrian king (2 Kings 17-18), whose name is not mentioned. The Omride palace was located on an elevated four meter high rock-cut platform that isolated it from its immediate surroundings. ), The Mandate for Palestine. In the twentieth century, the remains of Ahab or Omri's palace were discovered by archaeologists as were the later monumental steps of a major temple constructed by Herod the Great in Samaria. People from the region of northern Mesopotamia that includes modern-day Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon. The name of the region is "Samaria." In other words, Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel (1 Ki 16:23-24). 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